| 529 Savings Plans | Coverdell ESA | Custodial Accounts | |
|---|---|---|---|
| What is it? | State-sponsored, tax-deferred education investment account that allows you to invest primarily for college education. | Tax-deferred account, set up and managed by a parent or guardian to help pay for a child's qualified education expenses from kindergarten through college. | Taxable brokerage account that can be used for the benefit of the minor. |
| What can you use it for? |
Primarily college or other post-secondary education tuition and qualified education expenses. For K-12, federally tax-free distributions cover tuition expenses only.
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K-12, college, or other post-secondary education tuition and qualified education expenses. | Can be used for educational purposes or any other purpose for the beneficiary. |
| 2025 federal tax benefits |
Earnings can potentially grow tax-deferred. Tax-free withdrawals for qualified education expenses, which include up to $10,000 for primary or secondary school tuition.*
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Earnings can potentially grow tax-deferred. Tax-free withdrawals for qualified expenses for kindergarten through college.
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Dependent children under 19 for 2025.** First $1,350 of unearned income is exempt from federal income tax. Next $1,350 of unearned income is taxed at child's tax rate. Any unearned income over $2,700 is taxed at parents' tax rate. Note: These amounts can change annually and some states have different income tax rules for child's income.
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| Age limits for beneficiaries (such as your child) | No age limit in most states. |
Beneficiary must be under age 18 during the year of contribution (special rules apply for children with special needs). Money must be used or transferred to another beneficiary before child turns 30.
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Check your state for the exact age eligibility. In most states, the age limit is somewhere between age 18 to 21.
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| 2025 contribution limits |
You can typically contribute up to $19,000/year per beneficiary ($38,000 per couple) without potentially incurring a gift tax for 2025.† Or "super fund" up to $95,000 ($190,000 for couples) by funding 5-years worth of annual gifts into a single year. Contributions limited by lifetime accumulation cap. Varies by state (generally within a range of $400,000-$550,000 per beneficiary).
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Annual contributions are capped at $2,000 for joint filers with a modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) up to $190,000 and are gradually reduced for MAGI between $190,000 and $220,000. Incomes above $220,000 are ineligible.†† Gift tax rules may apply.
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No limit. Gift tax may apply§. |
| Investment options | Limited to age-based portfolio or static portfolio. | Many investments available. | Many investments available. |
| What if you don't use it for qualified education expenses? |
Earnings are generally taxable to the beneficiary along with a 10% federal penalty unless exceptions apply. Some states may recapture deductions/credits if taken.
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Earnings are generally taxable to the beneficiary, along with a 10% federal penalty, unless exceptions apply. |
Can be used for any purpose—inside or outside of education— if the proceeds are used for the benefit of the minor. |
| Effect on financial aid | Low. Generally, counts as an asset of the parent/ account owner in determining financial aid. | Low. Counts as an asset of the parent or account owner in determining financial aid. | High. Counts as an asset of the beneficiary, so may significantly impact financial aid. |
| Who can open and contribute? | Parents, grandparents, family members, and friends on behalf of a child or adult. | Any individual whose MAGI is under the limit can open and contribute. |
Anyone can open an account and manage it as the custodian. The minimum to open an account generally ranges from $500 to $2,000. Anyone can make unlimited contributions to the account, but the gift tax and the kiddie tax‡ apply. When the child reaches a specific age (determined by each state), legal control of the account transfers from the custodian to the beneficiary.
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*Check with the state's 529 plan rules to see if they permit this option. Not all states follow the federal tax rules. You may be subject to state income tax and penalties for using 529 amounts for K-12 tuition expenses.
**Full-time college students under the age of 24 may also be taxed at their parents' rate on unearned income in excess of $2,600 in 2024 and $2,700 in 2025, unless the students' earned income was greater than one-half of their support. Earned income from a job or self-employment is not subject to the kiddie tax.
†For 2025, it's possible to contribute a lump sum (superfund) of up to $95,000 to one or more 529 college savings plan in a single year (or $190,000 for couples) without being subject to the potential gift tax. The IRS views the money as an annual $19,000 (or $38,000 for couples) gift over five years. However, if you contribute more money on behalf of the same child during those five years, you may trigger the gift tax.
††Annual contributions for single filers are capped at $2,000 for MAGI up to $95,000 and are phased out for MAGI between $95,000 and $110,000.
§Custodial accounts are subject to the so-called "kiddie tax." This tax rule applies to children who have unearned income (i.e., investment income) up to a certain threshold. Over that threshold, the child will pay taxes at the parent's tax rate. To learn more, see IRS Publication 929.
§§Rule does not apply to special needs beneficiaries.
‡Amounts over $19,000 per person ($38,000 for a married couple) in 2025 may be subject to the gift tax.