U.S. Agency Bonds: What You Should Know

U.S. agency bonds are a type of highly rated bond investment that may help investors earn slightly higher yields than U.S. Treasury bonds without taking on too much additional risk. We continue to suggest investors focus on high-quality investments today, and agencies fall under that guidance.

Agency bonds are issued by government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs). Some of the most common issuers of agency bonds include, but are not limited to, the following:

• Federal National Mortgage Association, or Fannie Mae (FNMA)
• Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, or Freddie Mac (FHLMC)
• Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB)
• Federal Farm Credit Bank (FFCB)
• Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)¹

For this article, we are focusing solely on bonds issued by the agencies, and not mortgage-backed securities. Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the Government National Mortgage Association, or Ginnie Mae (not mentioned in this article), issue and back mortgage-backed securities, but those are different from the traditional bonds discussed in this article.

Government-sponsored enterprises do not have the explicit backing of the U.S. government. Although GSEs are considered to have the implicit backing of the government, they are not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government. Because agency bonds have more credit risk (that is, the risk that they will fail to make timely interest payments or even, in a worst-case scenario, fail to repay principal) than Treasuries, they would generally have a greater risk of default should one of the issuers face financial hardship.

The idea of a U.S. default tends to come up when a debt ceiling debate arises, but that shouldn’t necessarily have an impact on agency bonds. They are not considered direct obligations of the U.S. government, as the agencies and GSEs that issue them are generally self-funded. However, should one of the agencies need U.S. assistance while the U.S. were in default—which we don't believe is likely—then that could pose a risk to agency bond investors, as the government would not likely be able to help in a timely manner.

Given that implicit backing, agency bonds generally carry the same credit ratings as the U.S. government, which is currently rated Aaa/AA+/AA+ by Moody's Investors Service, Standard & Poor's, and Fitch Ratings, respectively.² If one or more of the rating agencies downgraded the rating of the U.S. government as a result of the political wrangling around the debt ceiling, that would likely result in a downgrade of the agencies, as well.

Agency bonds have continued to make timely interest and principal payments despite a number of concerns over the years. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, for example, were placed under conservatorship by the U.S. government back in 2008. Both GSEs are public companies, and the conservatorship means that the Federal Housing Finance Agency (its regulator) "has the powers of the management, boards, and shareholders of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac continue to operate as business corporations."³

Here are a handful of things to know before considering agency bonds.

Because agencies aren't explicitly backed by the U.S. government, they tend to offer a yield advantage over U.S. Treasuries. That extra yield is called a "spread" and fluctuates based on market conditions.

Spreads rose sharply during the 2008-2009 financial crisis, especially as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were placed into conservatorship. While the agencies have continued to make on-time principal and interest payments, that wasn't known back in 2008 and investors understandably got nervous, sending spreads up to 1.75%, on average. Spreads rose again in March 2020, albeit not by the same magnitude of the financial crisis surge, but fell quickly given the swift government intervention.

The Bloomberg US Agency Index has an average spread of just 13 basis points, or 0.13%, meaning investors aren't earning much additional yield over Treasuries relative to history. The chart below highlights that the average spread of the index has generally hovered near 25 basis points or less since the end of the financial crisis.

Low spreads don’t mean investors should ignore agencies, however. It just might make more sense to focus on specific maturities where there is a more attractive yield advantage, as we discuss next.

Agencies tend to offer higher yields than Treasuries for very short-term maturities, like one year or less, or for longer-term maturities like five years or more. On average, there isn’t a yield advantage at all for maturities of two through four years, as the yield curve chart below illustrates.

Keep in mind that the agency yields shown below are averages. There are a lot of different agency issuers and they may each have maturities around the same date—in other words, there isn't necessarily a "benchmark" two- or five-year agency note. On average, though, there doesn't appear to be much value with agencies of maturities of two through four years as of October 11, 2024, but that yield advantage (or lack thereof) can change over time.

For investors considering very short-term investments, take a look at what various alternatives offer. The yields on certificates of deposit (CDs), Treasuries, and agencies are all pretty similar for maturities of two years or less, and what offers a higher yield one day might offer a lower yield the next. Although agencies are government-sponsored enterprises, they are not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government. CDs are issued by banks but are backed by FDIC insurance (up to a limit, of course) and are therefore considered to be of high quality.⁴

A bond with a call feature allows the issuer to "call" it, or redeem it, before the stated maturity date. The call date and price are generally known in advance but can vary.

Issuers often include call features for flexibility. If yields fall after the bond was issued, this may allow the issuer to issue a new, lower-yielding bond and use those proceeds to "call" the higher-yielding bond.

Investors generally face reinvestment risk if their callable bond gets called, as they'll likely need to invest those funds into a lower-yielding bond. Callable agency bonds tend to be issued with slightly higher yields than noncallable bonds to compensate for call and reinvestment risk.

Callable agencies tend to be issued in smaller deal sizes than noncallable agencies, usually resulting in less liquidity. That may be a risk if an investor needs to sell a callable agency before maturity, as there might not be as many potential buyers than a larger, noncallable bond may have.

There can be advantages with callable bonds, like the higher yields they tend to offer. If yields don't fall after investing, you may end up earning a higher yield than you may have otherwise earned if you invested in a noncallable bond. Also, even if a bond gets called early due to a drop in rates, the yield earned over that time period may be higher than what was available for other investments with that same short-term time horizon.

When considering callable bonds, be prepared for any outcome. In other words, there's a possibility that it gets called and you'll then need to replace that called bond with a new investment. Just as important is to be prepared to hold the callable bond to maturity, because it's not known in advance if or when the issuer may call it.

There may be tax benefits of investing in some—but not all—agency bonds. The income from agency bonds is subject to federal income taxes when held in taxable accounts, but income from some of the agencies is exempt from state and local income taxes:

• Not exempt from state and local income taxes: Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
• Exempt from state and local income taxes: FHLB, FFCB, and TVA

Keep in mind that interest from U.S. Treasuries is exempt from state and local taxes, so when considering agencies relative to Treasuries, a U.S. Treasury may offer a higher after-tax yield depending on the agency issue and state and local tax rates. As always, we suggest investors consult with a tax specialist when considering the tax consequences of a given investment.

U.S. agency bonds can be considered by investors looking to earn slightly higher yields without taking too much additional credit risk. While agencies are government-sponsored enterprises, they are not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government.

Callable agencies may make sense for investors looking for even higher yields, but investors should always be cognizant of the risk of a call before maturity, likely resulting in reinvestment risk. Likewise, investors shouldn't assume that an issue will be called at its first call date—always consider the maturity date of a callable issue and be prepared to hold it for the entirety of its maturity.

Finally, consider the tax consequences of agency bonds, as some may be more attractive than others on an after-tax basis, especially for investors in high-tax states.